Identificação de locais de teste para melhoramento de soja no Sul do Brasil

The objective of this work was to identify core locations in two soybean macroregions in Brazil for the evaluation and selection of soybean (Glycine max) lineages. Twenty-two cultivars were tested in 23 locations in these two macroregions (MR1 and MR2), during four years, from 2012 to 2015. Trials were conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. All analyses were performed using the GGEbiplot software. The genotype main effects plus genotype × location interaction + genotype main effects plus genotype × environment interaction and genotypic effect vs. genotype x environment effect analyses were used to identify core locations, i.e., locations with high representativeness and consistency of results. Chapada, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, and Maracaju, in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, were the core locations in MR1 and MR2, respectively. These locations were the most representative and consistent over the years, and the genotypic effect explained a high proportion of phenotypic variance.O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar locais-chave de teste em duas macrorregiões sojícolas no Brasil, para avaliação e seleção de linhagens de soja (Glycine max). Foram testadas 22 cultivares em 23 locais, nessas duas macrorregiões (MR1 e MR2), durante quatro anos, de 2012 a 2015. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Todas as análises foram realizadas com uso do programa GGEbiplot. As análises efeito principal de genótipo mais interação genótipo × local + efeito principal de genótipo mais interação genótipo × ambiente e efeito genotípico vs. efeito do genótipo x ambiente foram utilizadas para identificar locais de teste, isto é, locais com alta representatividade e consistência de resultados. Chapada, no Rio Grande do Sul, e Maracaju, no Mato Grosso do Sul, foram os principais locais em MR1 e MR2, respectivamente. Estes locais foram os mais representativos e consistentes ao longo dos anos, e o efeito genotípico explicou uma alta proporção da variância fenotípica

Peering into the tilted heart of Cyg X-1 with high-precision optical polarimetry

We present the high-precision optical polarimetric observations of black hole X-ray binary Cyg X-1, spanning several cycles of its 5.6 day orbital period. Week-long observations on two telescopes located in opposite hemispheres allowed us to track the evolution of the polarization within one orbital cycle with the highest temporal resolution to date. Using the field stars, we determine the interstellar polarization in the source direction and subsequently its intrinsic polarization. The optical polarization angle is aligned with that in the X-rays as recently obtained with the Imaging X-ray Polarimetry Explorer. Furthermore, it is consistent, within the uncertainties, with the position angle of the radio ejections. We show that the intrinsic PD is variable with the orbital period with the amplitude of $\sim$0.2% and discuss various sites of its production. Assuming the polarization arises from a single Thomson scattering of the primary star radiation by the matter that follows the black hole in its orbital motion, we constrain the inclination of the binary orbit $i>120^\circ$ and its eccentricity $e<0.08$. The asymmetric shape of the orbital profiles of Stokes parameters implies also the asymmetry of the scattering matter distribution about the orbital plane, which may arise from the tilted accretion disk. We compare our data to the polarimetric observations made over 1975-1987 and find good, within $1^\circ$, agreement between the intrinsic polarization angles. On the other hand, the PD decreased by 0.4% over half a century, suggesting the presence of secular changes in the geometry of accreting matter.Comment: 12 pages, 18 figure

Yield potential of modern soybean cultivars under high and low input levels

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de rendimento de grãos de cultivares de soja (Glycine max) modernas submetidas a níveis alto e baixo de manejo de insumos, em diferentes datas de semeadura, na região Sudoeste do Paraná, Brasil. O experimento foi realizado nas safras de 2017/2018 e 2018/2019, no município de Itapejara D’Oeste. Cinco cultivares de soja (BMX Zeus IPRO, BMX Ativa RR, BMX Lança IPRO, NS 5445 IPRO e NA 5909 RG) foram avaliadas em quatro ambientes formados pela combinação de nível de manejo de insumos (alto e baixo) e datas de semeadura (primeira e segunda). O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. As características avaliadas foram: potencial de rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1), no estádio fenológico R5; e rendimento de grãos (kg ha-1) e seus componentes, no estádio R8. A cultivar, a época de semeadura e o manejo dos insumos são determinantes para a maximização do potencial produtivo dos grãos. Na primeira data de semeadura, em outubro, a cultivar BMX Zeus IPRO apresenta melhor resposta ao manejo de alto nível, com maior potencial produtivo no estádio R5 (19.682 kg ha-1) e maior produtividade de grãos (8.248 kg ha-1), enquanto NA 5909 RG apresenta os melhores resultados com baixo manejo de insumos.The objective of this work was to evaluate the grain yield potential of modern soybean (Glycine max) cultivars subjected to high- and low-input management levels on different sowing dates, in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná, Brazil. The experiment was carried out in the 2017/2018 and 2018/2019 crop seasons in the municipality of Itapejara D’Oeste. Five soybean cultivars (BMX Zeus IPRO, BMX Ativa RR, BMX Lança IPRO, NS 5445 IPRO, and NA 5909 RG) were evaluated in four environments formed by the combination of input management levels (high and low) and sowing dates (first and second). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with three replicates. The evaluated traits were: grain yield potential (kg ha-1), in the R5 phenological stage; and grain yield (kg ha-1) and its components, in the R8 stage. Cultivar, sowing date, and input management are determinant for maximizing grain yield potential. In the first sowing date, in October, the BMX Zeus IPRO cultivar shows a better response to the high level management, with a higher yield potential in the R5 stage (19,682 kg ha-1) and a higher grain yield (8,248 kg ha-1), whereas NA 5909 RG shows the best results with the low input management

Desempenho agronômico de cultivares modernas de soja em ensaios multiambientes

The objective of this work was to evaluate the productive performance, and the adaptability and stability parameters of modern soybean (Glycine max) cultivars in multi-environment trials, as well as to identify the ideal genotypes for eight growing environments in Brazil. A randomized complete block experimental design was carried out, with three replicates, for the evaluation of 46 soybean cultivars in eight environments, in the microregions of adaptation 102, 201, and 202, in the 2014/2015 crop season. A complex genotype x environment interaction occurred, with changes in the ranking of genotypes among locations. The NA 5909 RG, M6410IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, NS6823RR, M5917IPRO, NS 6767 RR, and 6563RSF IPRO cultivars showed the highest mean yields. The NA 5909 RG, NS6823RR, M6410IPRO, and NS 5959 IPRO cultivars showed high adaptability and stability and high grain yield, in the evaluated environments, and were ranked next to the ideal genotype for the analyzed environments. There are modern soybean cultivars, which are adapted, stable, and highly productive, for cultivation in the microregions 102, 201, and 202 for soybean crop adaptation in Brazil.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho produtivo, a adaptabilidade e a estabilidade de cultivares modernas de soja (Glycine max), em ensaios multiambientes, assim como identificar os genótipos ideais para oito ambientes de cultivo no Brasil. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, com três repetições, para a avaliação de 46 cultivares em oito ambientes, nas microrregiões de adaptação 102, 201 e 202, na safra 2014/2015. Ocorreu interação genótipo x ambiente complexa, com alterações do ranqueamento de cultivares entre os locais. As cultivares NA 5909 RG, M6410IPRO, NS 5959 IPRO, NS6823RR, M5917IPRO, NS 6767 RR e 6563RSF IPRO apresentaram as maiores médias produtivas. As cultivares NA 5909 RG, NS6823RR, M6410IPRO e NS 5959 IPRO apresentaram elevada adaptabilidade e estabilidade e alta produtividade de grãos, nos ambientes avaliados, e posicionaram-se próximo do que seria considerado ideal para os ambientes analisados. Há cultivares modernas de soja adaptadas, estáveis e com elevada produtividade, para o cultivo nas microrregiões 102, 201 e 202 de adaptação da cultura da soja no Brasil

The large area detector onboard the eXTP mission

The Large Area Detector (LAD) is the high-throughput, spectral-timing instrument onboard the eXTP mission, a flagship mission of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the China National Space Administration, with a large European participation coordinated by Italy and Spain. The eXTP mission is currently performing its phase B study, with a target launch at the end-2027. The eXTP scientific payload includes four instruments (SFA, PFA, LAD and WFM) offering unprecedented simultaneous wide-band X-ray timing and polarimetry sensitivity. The LAD instrument is based on the design originally proposed for the LOFT mission. It envisages a deployed 3.2 m2 effective area in the 2-30 keV energy range, achieved through the technology of the large-area Silicon Drift Detectors - offering a spectral resolution of up to 200 eV FWHM at 6 keV - and of capillary plate collimators - limiting the field of view to about 1 degree. In this paper we will provide an overview of the LAD instrument design, its current status of development and anticipated performance

Broadband Multi-wavelength Properties of M87 during the 2017 Event Horizon Telescope Campaign

Abstract: In 2017, the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) Collaboration succeeded in capturing the first direct image of the center of the M87 galaxy. The asymmetric ring morphology and size are consistent with theoretical expectations for a weakly accreting supermassive black hole of mass ∼6.5 × 109 M ⊙. The EHTC also partnered with several international facilities in space and on the ground, to arrange an extensive, quasi-simultaneous multi-wavelength campaign. This Letter presents the results and analysis of this campaign, as well as the multi-wavelength data as a legacy data repository. We captured M87 in a historically low state, and the core flux dominates over HST-1 at high energies, making it possible to combine core flux constraints with the more spatially precise very long baseline interferometry data. We present the most complete simultaneous multi-wavelength spectrum of the active nucleus to date, and discuss the complexity and caveats of combining data from different spatial scales into one broadband spectrum. We apply two heuristic, isotropic leptonic single-zone models to provide insight into the basic source properties, but conclude that a structured jet is necessary to explain M87’s spectrum. We can exclude that the simultaneous γ-ray emission is produced via inverse Compton emission in the same region producing the EHT mm-band emission, and further conclude that the γ-rays can only be produced in the inner jets (inward of HST-1) if there are strongly particle-dominated regions. Direct synchrotron emission from accelerated protons and secondaries cannot yet be excluded

Key soybean maturity groups and mega-environment identification to soybean breeding and cultivation Brazil

Multi-environment trials (MET) are performed by soybean breeding companies to evaluate and select genotypes in a target region (TR). Data from MET are large and need be evaluated by accurate statistical methods. A widely used method to evaluate data from MET is called GGE biplot. GGE analyses allows the evaluation of genotypes, test locations and mega-environment (ME) formation. The aims of this work were: I) Evaluate the use of GGE analyses for plant breeding, indicating which parameters, in terms of singular value partitioning (SVP), data centering and data scaling methods, are appropriate for each analysis; II) Evaluate the formation of MEs for the edaphoclimatic region (ECR) 402 on Mato Grosso (MT) state; and, III) Evaluate and indicate the best maturity groups (MG) for each ECR on macroregions 1, 2, 3 and 4 of soybean cultivation in Brazil. All analyses were performed in GGEBiplot software and R platform, with trials performed between the 2012/13 to 2016/17 crop seasons. When the objective of GGE biplot analyses is to evaluate ME formation or test locations, the SVP with a f value = 0 should be used. When the focus is the evaluation of genotypes, f = 1 should be used. The data centering with focus in G + GE is appropriate to all GGE analyses from phenotypic data, independent if the focus of the analyses is to evaluate test locations or genotypes. When the objective of the analysis is to evaluate only the association between vectors (test location) or ME formation, the scalings 1 and 2 are the best options. When the objective is to evaluate only the discrimination power, scalings 0 and 4 are appropriate. Together analyses can be performed with scaling 2. To evaluate genotypes, the scalings 1 and 2 are more appropriate, especially when the dataset are unbalanced. All parameters should be present together with the analyses (biplots) for the correct interpretation of the biplots. The ME formation analysis were performed summarizing the results between years, with data from three years. Two MEs were identified on ECR 402, where the main factors that delimit ME are: presence of cist nematodes (Heterodera glycines), altitude and management level of farms. Thus, the selection and recommendation of genotypes should be realized within each ME and not in the whole ECR. The selection and recommendation in ME improve the selection efficiency of genotypes with widely and specific adaptation, improving the mean yield in all TR. Grain yield data from 133 genotypes with MG between 4.8 to 9.1 were used to define the best MG for cultivation in the macroregions of soybean production in Brazil. Trials were performed at 83 locations in the four main macroregions for soybean cultivation in Brazil. The best MG were identified for each ECR. With low latitude, higher MG need be used to improve grain yield. In the same way, in similar latitudes, but in different altitudes, the MG should be suitable, according the variations. For each macroregion (MR), the best MG were: MR1, genotypes with MG between 5.3 to 5.9; MR2, genotypes with MG 6.0 to 7.0; MR3, genotypes with MG 7.1 to 7.9, and MR4, genotypes with MG 7.7 to 8.4. The best MG for each ECR was similar of macroregions, varying according altitude and other biological factors.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Ensaios multi-ambiente (MET) são conduzidos por empresas de melhoramento genético de soja com o intuito de testar e selecionar genótipos em uma região-alvo (TR). Dados provindos de MET são volumosos e precisam ser analisados com métodos estatísticos precisos. Um dos métodos amplamente utilizados para avaliar dados de MET é denominado GGE biplot. Análises GGE permitem avaliar genótipos, locais de teste e a formação de mega-ambientes (ME). Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: I) Avaliar o uso de análises GGE biplot para o melhoramento genético, indicando quais parâmetros em termos de singular value partitioning (SVP), data centering e data scaling methods são mais apropriados para cada análise; II) avaliar a formação de MEs para a região edafoclimática (REC) 402, no estado do Mato Grosso e, III) avaliar qual o melhor grupo de maturidade relativa (GMR) para cada REC nas macrorregiões (MR) 1, 2, 3 e 4 para cultivo da soja no Brasil. Todas as análises foram realizadas com o software GGEBiplot e plataforma R, com ensaios conduzidos entre as safras de 2012/13 a 2016/17. Para as análises GGE biplot, com o objetivo de avaliar locais de teste ou formação de MEs, deve ser utilizado o SVP com valor de f =0 e para genótipos f = 1. O data centering method com foco em G + GE é o mais adequando para todas as análises GGE de dados fenotípicos, independente da análise ter foco nos locais de teste (ambientes) ou genótipos. Quando o objetivo da análise é avaliar apenas a associações entre vetores (ambientes) ou formação de MEs, os scalings 1 e 2 são mais adequados. Quando o objetivo é avaliar apenas a discriminância, os scalings 0 e 4 são mais adequados. Uma avaliação conjunta pode ser realizada com o scaling 2. Para a avalição de genótipos, os scalings 1 e 2 são mais adequados, especialmente em conjuntos de dados desbalanceados. Todos os parâmetros devem sempre ser apresentados junto as análises para que interpretações corretas possam ser extraídas. A avaliação de ME foi realizada via análises que sumarizam os dados entre anos, com dados de três anos. Identificaram-se dois MEs na REC 402, onde o principal fator determinante dos MEs é a incidência de nematoides do gênero Heterodera glycines, altitude e nível de tecnologia dos agricultores. Assim, a seleção e recomendação de genótipos deve ser realizada em cada ME e não em toda a REC como um único ambiente. A seleção e recomendação em cada ME aumenta a eficiência de seleção de genótipos com adaptabilidade ampla e específica, melhorando a média produtiva em toda a TR. Dados de rendimento de grãos de 133 genótipos, com GMR variando entre 4.8 a 9.1, foram utilizados para definir quais os melhores GMR para o cultivo nas principais regiões produtoras de soja no Brasil. Os ensaios foram conduzidos em 83 locais nas quatro principais macrorregiões sojícolas do Brasil. Os melhores GMR foram identificados para cada REC. Em latitudes menores, GMR maiores devem ser utilizados para maiores rendimentos. Da mesma forma, em latitudes semelhantes, mas em altitudes diferentes, deve-se adequar o GMR para maiores produtividades. Para cada macrorregião os melhores GMRs foram: MR1, genótipos com GMR entre 5.3 e 5.9; MR2, genótipos com GMR 6.0 a 7.0; MR3, genótipos com GMR 7.1 a 7.9 e MR4, genótipos com GMR 7.7 a 8.4. Os melhores GMR para cada REC foram semelhantes aos das macrorregiões, variando de acordo com a altitude e outros fatores bióticos

Gamma-ray astrophysics in the MeV range: The ASTROGAM concept and beyond

International audienceThe energy range between about 100 keV and 1 GeV is of interest for a vast class of astrophysical topics. In particular, (1) it is the missing ingredient for understanding extreme processes in the multi-messenger era; (2) it allows localizing cosmic-ray interactions with background material and radiation in the Universe, and spotting the reprocessing of these particles; (3) last but not least, gamma-ray emission lines trace the formation of elements in the Galaxy and beyond. In addition, studying the still largely unexplored MeV domain of astronomy would provide for a rich observatory science, including the study of compact objects, solar- and Earth-science, as well as fundamental physics. The technological development of silicon microstrip detectors makes it possible now to detect MeV photons in space with high efficiency and low background. During the last decade, a concept of detector (“ASTROGAM”) has been proposed to fulfil these goals, based on a silicon hodoscope, a 3D position-sensitive calorimeter, and an anticoincidence detector. In this paper we stress the importance of a medium size (M-class) space mission, dubbed “ASTROMEV”, to fulfil these objectives